In autumn and winter, or on cloudy days, the greenhouse receives less light than the crop needs to keep up its growth rate.
The glazing, the structure and the greenhouse orientation filter and reduce solar radiation before it reaches the crop — typically by 35% to 50% compared with the outdoors.
When that loss coincides with short winter days, the crop fails to reach the DLI (the total amount of useful light it receives over 24 hours) it needs to photosynthesise at the expected rate. That is where supplemental LED light comes in: it doesn't replace the sun, it complements it by exactly the amount that's missing.